Cairo

Cairo has an interesting history. It originates from the nearby settlements, formed about 2,000 B.C., Memphis being one of the most renowned ones – situated 20 km from Cairo. Its founder, King Menes, managed to unite upper and lower Egypt. In essence, its evolution started with the Pharaonic era, and lasted until 323 B.C. when Alexander the Great conquered the country. Briefly speaking, historians divide this era into three dynasties: Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and Modern Kingdom. During these times, the Pharaohs enjoyed the city in height, nurturing their luxurious lifestyle.

After the death of Cleopatra, perhaps the most famous Egyptian queen, Egypt fell under Roman rule. Ruled by a prefect, it became a Roman province under the emperor’s authority. Many products characteristic of the country, such as papyrus and grain, were sold all over the Roman Empire. This period affected both the architecture and culture of Egypt, which is still visible today.

Foundation of Cairo

Fast forward to the formation of the Fatimid dynasty, this is the period that directly influenced the evolution of Islamic Egypt. One of the most notable changes that happened during the Fatimid times was the growth and development of Egyptian commerce. During this time, the country enjoyed political stability and favourable trading conditions, which were brought about by several factors. But in essence, this was the time when Cairo was established as a city – in the 10th century, and became the capital of the Fatimid empire and all empires and kingdoms that came afterwards up until the modern day. Throughout its history Cairo  developed to become one of the most important cities in the islamic world. In addition, Cairo is home to  many famous landmarks, including the renowned Al-Azhar mosque. It is the religious centre that is considered the very heart of Cairo. What is more, it became a university – now still standing proud as one of the oldest in the world. In the following centuries, the city thrived, especially during the 12th, with the coming of the first sultan – Saladin. He was an important figure that revolutionised the infrastructure and built a plethora of important buildings.

Mamluk and Ottoman period

The Mamluk dynasty ruled over Egypt between 1250 and 1517, which marked the peak of Egypt’s power. This was when progress saw its height, and Cairo became the dominant city of the Islamic world. During the Mamluk period, there was immense war success and they promoted diplomacy regarding the economy. The Mamluks greatly supported every industry and crafts. Their aim was to put Egypt as the main trade & transit destination that would benefit from both the Orient and the Mediterranean. Thus Cairo became the link for the popular spice route that connected the East and the West. However, during the 16th century, under Ottoman rule, the city started to decline as Constantinople was the capital they invested in. Moreover, another low point for Cairo was the Black Death plague which ultimately depleted the population.

Modern time

The modernization of Egypt began in 1805, with the assembling of a new army and the suggestion for a new map of the country. It began with the rule of Mohamed Ali Pasha and saw the British conquest and several modern-time wars. All these historical points shaped Cairo, and the whole of Egypt, into the places they are today, with all of their beauty and grace, which awaits for you to explore.